ملخص الدراسة:

All praise is due to Allah, and Allah's Peace and Blessings be upon His Final Messenger, his family, and Companions. To proceed: This study titled “The stance of Jews against the others as mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud” includes an introduction and three chapters as follows: First: The Introduction included the most important reasons behind selection of the topic, research importance, aims, method and methodology, and research problem. Second: The First Chapter introduced the Babylonian Talmud: its emergence, divisions, importance for Jews, and the stance of the Jews parties against it. Third: The Second Chapter discussed the stance of Jews against other peoples and nations through clarifying the old and current meaning of “others” in their understanding. It also discussed the motives of this stance, the history of the relation of Jewish people with other nations, and the psychological and moral motives behind this stance. This is followed by clarifying the Jewish attitude towards Issa, the Christ, may Allah’s peace be upon him, and Christians, in addition to the pagan nations, Persians, Babylonians, and inhabitants of Palestine. Fourth: The Third Chapter explains the social, economic, and judicial stance of Jews against the others through clarifying the social characteristics of the Jewish personality, and its Talmudic roots including marriage and kinship affairs. The economic characteristics were also clarified through discussing their financial dealings such as debts, fallen lost things, and thefts. Finally, the judicial characteristics were clarified through discussing their moral recommendations towards the others, and their stance against verdicts and penalties directed to the others.

توثيق المرجعي (APA)